Applications

Friction Engineering Across Vehicle & Industrial Platforms

Commercial, passenger, and special-application friction systems — validated through dynamometer testing and OEM-level performance standards.

Applications

① Commercial Vehicles

Heavy-Duty Friction Engineering for Commercial Vehicles

Engineered for extreme thermal load, heavy payload stability, and long-distance braking reliability.

Heavy-duty commercial vehicle brake dynamometer thermal testing

Application Context

Long-distance logistics fleets
Heavy-load transport vehicles
Mountain & high-temperature braking conditions
Electric heavy-duty trucks

Engineering Challenges

Thermal fade under continuous braking
Structural instability of thick drum linings
Uneven wear under heavy payload cycles
High lifecycle maintenance cost

Engineering Solutions

1. Heavy-Duty Brake Lining System
- Uniform density control in thick-walled linings
- Crack resistance under extreme pressure cycles
- Optimized drum compatibility
2. Thermal Stability Engineering
- High-temperature friction stability
- Fade resistance under long downhill braking
- Consistent braking force output
3. Lifecycle Cost Optimization
- Extended wear life design
- Drum protection formulation
- Reduced maintenance frequency

Validation

Dynamometer testing
Field durability verification
OEM-level performance validation

② Passenger Vehicles

High-Volume Disk Brake Pad Engineering for Passenger Vehicles

Precision-engineered NAO and Ceramic systems for consistent, quiet and safe urban braking.

Passenger vehicle urban braking application

Application Context

Urban passenger vehicles
SUVs and light commercial vehicles
High-volume OEM production platforms

Engineering Challenges

Noise (NVH) control requirements
Dust and rotor cleanliness demands
High-volume production consistency
Regulatory compliance stability

Engineering Solutions

High-volume passenger vehicle disk brake pads

1. NAO & Ceramic Material Systems
- Asbestos-free formulations
- Low-noise brake behavior
- Stable friction performance in urban driving
2. Mass Production Stability Engineering
- Batch-to-batch consistency control
- Automated hot press process stabilization
- Low scrap rate manufacturing design
3. Regulatory Compliance Engineering
- Pre-engineered for ECE R90 compliance
- ES 2038 standard alignment
- OEM validation readiness

Validation

OEM certification testing
Friction performance consistency tests
NVH evaluation testing

③ Industrial & Special Applications

Customized Friction Engineering for Industrial Applications

Advanced engineering solutions for non-standard, high-load and extreme working environments.

Mining and construction heavy-duty industrial application

Application Context

Mining & construction machinery
Heavy-duty industrial equipment
Electric dump trucks & loaders
Non-standard special vehicles

Engineering Challenges

Extreme impact loading
Severe abrasive environments
Non-standard geometry requirements
High thermal and mechanical stress variation

Engineering Solutions

Industrial brake dynamometer engineering laboratory

1. Off-Highway Friction Systems
- Heavy-duty formulation design
- High-impact resistance materials
- Stable performance under harsh environments
2. Custom Tooling Engineering
- Non-standard mold design
- Custom brake geometry manufacturing
- Flexible production adaptation
3. Dyno-Based Validation System
- Full-scale brake dynamometer testing
- Extreme load simulation
- Prototype performance verification

Validation

Brake dynamometer testing
Field extreme-condition validation
Prototype engineering verification

Customized industrial friction brake pads and components

Type of Test	Test Highlights	Equipment Used	Example Procedures
Parking Forces	Allows proper sizing of power steering components	Force and Motion	DRAGONEX Parking Forces
Tire Footprint	Determines the contact patch geometry	Force and Motion	Tire Footprint
Tire Modeling	Determine tire inertia which is then used Ftire and other models and simulations	Inertia Machine	DRAGONEX Tire Inertial Properties
	On-center parking effort test for Ftire input	Force and Motion	SWP
	Determine static stiffness (X, Y, Z, Alpha) for Ftire input	Static Stiffness Machine	SAE Static Stiffness
	Determine how the tire envelopes an obstacle	Cleat Machine	J2731
	Measure the forces and moments generated at a high frequency response spindle when the tire impacts a cleat	Cleat Machine	J2730
Braking and Cornering Performance	Determine the straight line braking performance of a tire	Force and Motion	J2673
	Determine the free rolling cornering properties of a tire	Force and Motion	SAE TIME, J1987, SWP
	Measure the combined cornering and braking performance of a tire	Force and Motion	J2675
Tire Stiffness	Measure rolling vertical stiffness of a tire at speed		Rolling Vertical Stiffness
Rolling Resistance	Measure tire rolling resistance using a drum	Force and Motion, Rolling Resistance	J1269, J2452
Tire Wear	Assess tire wear in the lab	Force and Motion	DRAGONEX Wear Test
Tire NVH	Test tire sizzle, cornering noise, pass-by noise, steering wheel dither, freeze crack impacts, high speed uniformity and imbalance sensitivity	Force and Motion, Dynamometer, Model 4000 DAS	Noise, Vibration, Harshness

Type of Test	Test Highlights	Equipment Used	Example Procedures
Chemical	Evaluates filiform corrosion on painted aluminum wheels and painted aluminum trim	ICP-OES	ASTM E3061
Wheel Corrosion and Coatings	Evaluates filiform corrosion, tape adhesion, degree of rusting on painted aluminum wheels and painted aluminum trim	Corrosion Chamber	SAE J2635, ASTM B368, ISO 9227, ISO 2409, ASTM D3599, ABNT NBR 11003, ASTM D610, ASTM D1654
Wheel Fatigue	Load simulation test of aluminum alloy wheels	Biaxial	BMW QV36026, SAE J2562, FORD L-307, GMW14340
	Dynamic Cornering Fatigue and Dynamic Radial Fatigue - Steel wheels	Eccentric Mass and Radial	ABNT NBR 6750
	Rotational fatigue, Radial load fatigue and biaxial load fatigue of steel and aluminum wheels	Eccentric Mass, Radial and Biaxial	ABNT NBR 6751
	Dynamic Cornering Fatigue and Dynamic Radial Fatigue and Impact resistance of temporary use and normal highway use aluminum wheels	Eccentric Mass, Radial and Drop Test	ABNT NBR 6752
	Wheel Radial Fatigue	Radial	GMW14909
Wheel Impact	Wheel Inboard Rim Flange Vertical Impact	Drop Test	GMW15321
	Wheel radial impact	Drop Test	CETP 04.04-L300
	Wheel Lateral Impact	Drop Test	GMW14910, SAE J175
Wheel Stiffness	Frequency Response Function (FRF)	Frequency Response	GMW14876
Wheel Stiffness	Deformation of the wheel	Servo Hydraulics	J2315
Center cap heat resistance	Center Cap deformation under elevated temperature conditions	Bench Test	Brake Heat Center Cap

Type of Test	Test Highlights	Equipment Used	Example Procedures
Wheel Bearing	Water intrusion and durability when exposed to mud and salt	Bearing Test Stand	DRAGONEX Hub and Bearing, GMW16306, GMW16310
	Passenger car, sport/performance and open bed vehicle wheel bearing spalling	Bearing Test Stand	GMW16311, GMW16308, GMW16309
	Brinelling resistance validates long-term reliability/durability	Bearing Test Stand	GMW16305
	Rotary fatigue life	Rotary Fatigue Machine	GMW16325
Wheel Hub	Rotary bending fatigue life characteristics	Rotary Fatigue Machine	GMW14249
Hub/Bearing	Evaluate hub and bearing performance, durability, seals and NVH when exposed to extreme environmental effects such as temperature and mud/salt solution	Bearing Test Stand/Rotary Fatigue	TIP-000037A, DRAGONEX Hub and Bearing, SAE J1095, DRAGONEX Impact
Hub Fatigue	Hub fatigue using biaxial loading	Biaxial Test Stand	SAE J2562

Type of Test	Test Highlights	Equipment Used	Example Procedures
Chemical Testing	Measurement of copper, asbestos and other elements in brake friction materials	ICP-OES / PLM	J2975
Materials Testing	Physical properties including quality control for friction, wear, compressive strain, shear strength, corrosion resistance, swell and growth	Chase Machine / Compressibility Machine/ Shear Machine / Corrosion Chamber / Environmental Chamber / Oven	J661, ISO 6310, ISO 6311, ISO 6312, ABNT NBR 9301, ABNT NBR 5505, ABNT NBR 5537, ASTM B117
Frequency Response	Component Frequency Response	Laser Vibrometer Test Stand	SAE J2933, J3001, J2598, L-4375
Structural Fatigue and Durability	Breaking strength, cyclic fatigue	Servo Hydraulics, Torque Flex	J2995, C419, C441, GMW18022
Caliper Fingerprinting	Caliper characteristics such as knockback, rollback, fluid displacement, deflection...	Caliper Test Bench / Brake Dynamometer	L-4177, PF.90257
Brake Drag and DTV	Residual drag, disc thickness variation, brake feel and vehicle fuel mileage	Off Brake Drag Stand / Brake Dynamometer	J2923, GMW14926, GMW14351, PF.90257, L-13080
Performance	Hydraulic, air and electric brakes, friction levels, stopping distance, corrosion, cleanability, brake torque variation, rotor cracking, regulation, stability control, coastdown	Brake Dynamometer, Model 4000 DAS	J2784, J2928 IS026867, GMW14985, PF.90210, PF.90244, L-405, FMVSS 121, FMVSS 122, FMVSS 105, FMVSS 135, FMVSS 126, FMVSS 136, ECE R13H, AMS
Wear	Rotor wear, drum wear, lining wear, DTV, durability, city traffic, suburban traffic	Brake Dynamometer, Model 4000 DAS	J2707, USCT, L-423, PF.90244, Los Angeles, Detroit, Phoenix, Birmingham, Marquette
NVH	Brake squeal during drag and decel events at different temperatures, pressure and torque levels	NVH Brake Dynamometer	J2521, L420, 1430, GMW17427, PF. 90244
Brake Emissions	Brake dust particle size, count, concentration and mass	Brake Dynamometer	WLTP, CARB, Duty cycle

Applications

Friction Engineering Across Vehicle & Industrial Platforms

Heavy-Duty Friction Engineering for Commercial Vehicles

Application Context

Engineering Challenges

Engineering Solutions

1. Heavy-Duty Brake Lining System

2. Thermal Stability Engineering

3. Lifecycle Cost Optimization

Validation

High-Volume Disk Brake Pad Engineering for Passenger Vehicles

Application Context

Engineering Challenges

Engineering Solutions

1. NAO & Ceramic Material Systems

2. Mass Production Stability Engineering

3. Regulatory Compliance Engineering

Validation

Customized Friction Engineering for Industrial Applications

Application Context

Engineering Challenges

Engineering Solutions

1. Off-Highway Friction Systems

2. Custom Tooling Engineering

3. Dyno-Based Validation System

Validation